Cardiovascular Risk in Childhood is Associated With Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Stiffness in Adolescents and Young Adults: The KiGGS Cohort

Abstract

Purpose: Cardiovascular risk factors are widespread among children and adolescents and may lead to accelerated vascular aging in middle adulthood. However, data are scarce on shorter-term consequences, for example, on associated distinctive vascular properties before age 30 years. This study analyzes the association of childhood exposure to cardiovascular risk factors with carotid properties in adolescents and young adults. Methods: Four thousand thirty one participants from the population-based German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents cohort (aged 3–17 years) had carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and distensibility coefficient (DC) measurements at the second follow-up (aged 14–28 years). The assessment of cardiovascular risk factors at baseline included information about arterial hypertension, obesity, dyslipidemia, and passive smoking. Results: Single risk factors and the exposure to multiple cardiovascular risk factors were associated with elevated CIMT and decreased DC. Relative risks for CIMT ≥ 90th centile and/or DC ≤ 10th centile were increased in participants exposed to two (RRCIMT = 1.45 [95% confidence interval 1.11–1.91], p < .05; RRDC = 1.37 [1.02–1.84], p < .05) and ≥ three risk factors (RRCIMT = 1.66 [1.05–2.62], p < .05; RRDC = 1.25 [0.71–2.21], p > .05). Discussion: Exposure to multiple cardiovascular risk factors starting in childhood is associated with measurably increased CIMT and carotid stiffness in late adolescence and early adulthood. These findings underline the importance of population-wide preventive measures to promote optimal cardiovascular health.