Long COVID in adults – a current review of the long-term health effects following SARS-CoV-2 infection

Abstract

Background: Long-term health effects associated with SARS-CoV-2 pose major challenges for public health and health research worldwide. Methods: Based on an ongoing literature review, a narrative review (as of June 2025) on the epidemiology and public health implications of long COVID in adults was compiled. Results: According to population-based, controlled studies, long COVID symptoms occur with a frequency of approximately 10 to 15 % in adults infected with SARS-CoV-2. In addition to COVID-19 vaccination status and virus variant, the risk of experiencing long COVID symptoms is primarily influenced by pre-existing health conditions and sociodemographic factors. In most affected individuals, long COVID symptoms resolve within a year. Particularly multiple and prolonged symptoms can be associated with significant impairments in quality of life, everyday functioning and social participation, as well as an increased need for healthcare. In addition, there is growing evidence of an infection-associated increase in newly diagnosed symptom complexes, organ damage and chronic diseases, contributing to the ongoing public health relevance of long COVID. Conclusions: Long COVID is not only a major burden for those affected and their families, but also has unpredictable long-term consequences for public health and the healthcare system.