Lebensmittelassoziierte Virusinfektionen
Höhne, Marina
Schreier, Eckart
Bis in die 70er Jahre war die Diagnostik von infektiösen Diarrhöen auf den Nachweis von Bakterien und Parasiten beschränkt, und auslösende Erreger konnten nur in einigen Fällen ermittelt werden. Verbesserte Nachweismethoden zeigten, dass Lebensmittelinfektionen neben Bakterien und Parasiten zu einem großen Teil durch virale Erreger hervorgerufen werden können. Im Gegensatz zu den Bakterien können sich Viren nicht außerhalb eines lebenden Wirtes vermehren, bleiben aber besonders unter gekühlter Lagerhaltung lange Zeit infektiös. Zu den Lebensmittel-übertragbaren Viren gehören das Hepatitis A- und E-Virus, Gastroenteritisviren wie die Norwalk/Norwalk-like, Rota- und Astroviren, aber auch Adenoviren sowie einige Enteroviren. Ihre Verbreitung erfolgt auf fäkal-oralem bzw. aerogen-oralem Weg. Aufgrund ihrer hohen Infektiosität kann es besonders in Gemeinschaftseinrichtungen wie Schulen, Kindertagesstätten, in Alten- und Pflegeheimen sowie in Krankenhäusern zu Massenausbrüchen kommen. Um eine fäkale Verunreinigung von Lebensmitteln zu vermeiden, ist die exakte Einhaltung von Hygienevorschriften und der Ausschluss von erkrankten Personen von der Lebensmittelbereitung besonders wichtig. Until the 1970s, diagnostic methods for infectious diarrhoea were limited to bacteria and parasites, and the causative agent could be identified only in a few cases. But the causes of major foodborne diseases include bacteria, parasites and viruses as well. Unlike bacteria, viruses cannot multiply outside of their specific host. They remain infectious especially in conditions, such as refrigeration, designed to maintain good food quality. Viruses transmitted via food include the hepatitis-inducing viruses A and E, the gastroenteritis viruses e. g. Norwalk and Norwalk-like viruses, Rota- and Astrovirus, Adenovirus and some of the Enteroviruses. Foodborne viruses are transmitted enterically. They are shed by faeces or during vomiting and infect by being ingested (faecal-oral, aerogene-oral). Due to the very high infectivity most of the outbreaks were reported for institutional settings like schools, children's day-care and geriatric facilities and hospitals. Proper conditions of hygiene, and exclusion of sick persons from handling food are important preventive measures to avoid faecal contamination of food.
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