Living in permanent social groups forces animals to make decisions about when, how and with whom to interact, requiring decisions to be made that integrate multiple sources of information. Changing social environments can ...

In Legionella pneumophila, the regulation of the flagellum and the expression of virulence traits are linked. FleQ, RpoN and FliA are the major regulators of the flagellar regulon. We demonstrated here that all three ...

We characterized 670 Clostridium diffi cile isolates collected from patients in 84 hospitals in Germany in 2008. PCR ribotyping showed high prevalence of ribotype 001 and restricted dissemination of ribotype 027 strains. ...

Background Metabarcoding of vertebrate DNA found in invertebrates (iDNA) represents a potentially powerful tool for monitoring biodiversity. Preliminary evidence suggests fly iDNA biodiversity assessments compare favorably ...

Folate is important for cell division and thus for growth and physical development. Serum folate concentrations can be used to assess a population’s folate status. In Germany, the median serum folate level of adults aged ...

Objective: To explore the food intake of young migrants living in Germany. Design: Children and adolescents aged 0 to 17 years living in Germany, including 17?1% with a migration background, were examined in a representative ...

Background: Norovirus is often transmitted from person-to-person. Transmission may also be food-borne, but only few norovirus outbreak investigations have identified food items as likely vehicles of norovirus transmission ...

Risk for human exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)–inducing agent was estimated in a nonhuman primate model. To determine attack rates, incubation times, and molecular signatures, we orally exposed 18 macaques ...